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In most monetary unions, one licence opens many markets. Wave’s BCEAO e-money licence, secured in April 2022, gave it access to eight WAEMU countries. Outside regional blocs, expanding financial institutions get no such shortcut and must navigate separate licensing and compliance. Regulatory passporting hopes to resolve that: Rwanda struck its second passporting deal in March 2026 – this one with Kenya, covering payment service providers – a year after its fintech agreement with Ghana. As digital players move past payments into credit, savings, insurance and investment, risks grow more complex, capital requirements diverge and supervision is harder to assign. Banks, fintechs and regulators tackle whether passporting can travel across products as easily as across borders.

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