“The world as we know it has changed for aid, trade and development,” says the Director-General of the World Trade Organization. Sub-Saharan Africa nations this year face a 16-28% decline in official development assistance; pressure from trade tariffs, and a serious liquidity crunch and foreign currency shortage for commercial banks. Where will funding come from for Africa’s SMEs, green transition, digital infrastructure and healthcare projects when external debt service reached a record $89bn last year? As some central banks ease interest rates and stockpile gold reserves, governors from the continent’s major economies discuss how to build internal resilience.

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